Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) will fundamentally change the nature and pace of scientific discovery. The widespread adoption of AI in the sciences has the potential to integrate scientific inquiry with modes of hypothesis generation, data analysis, simulation, and testing that will transform our capacity to address scientific problems that currently appear intractable. However, to realize this vision, we need fundamental advances in the mathematics of data science. In this talk, we will explore some of the most pressing mathematical challenges in the field and the potential for impact across a range of scientific domains.